王長怡(英文名: Chang Yi Wang ),王長怡博士為一位全球知名華人女科学家(免疫学權威)、发明家、跨國生物醫藥集團企業聯合生物醫學公司(United Biomedical Inc., UBI)創辦人暨董事長,她被媒體授予「台湾生技業傑出企業領袖」的稱號,被譽為台灣生技業標竿領導者。
王博士已發表120餘篇科學論文,迄今為止擁有約100餘項創新性科學專利。她曾受邀在免疫學、疫苗研究、免疫治療和傳染病等領域進行過多次國際主題演講,也擔任過美国国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)資助和管理的生物防禦和过敏和免疫生物學研究計畫 (BioDefense and Allergy and Immunobiology programs) 的科學審查委員。
2007年,紐約知識產權法協會(New York Intellectual Property Law Association, NYIPLA)頒贈美國年度發明人獎予王博士,表彰她在「UBITh多肽免疫原」領域的研究成果。纽约知識產權法協會年度發明人獎旨在表揚經由創新性才華為社會做出促進科學與實用藝術進步的貢獻的個人或團體,而王博士乃是第一位獲得該獎項的亞洲女性。
2018年,旨在促進多學科的腦和脊髓研究,並加速將尖端技術集成到神經科學領域的「大腦結構分析基金會(Brain Mapping Foundation)」頒予王博士技術先鋒獎,表彰她在神經退化性疾病領域中的研究成果與科學貢獻 — 開發用於治療神經退化性疾病的高精度endobody疫苗以及相關研究成果。
教育背景
在就讀台北第一女子高中時期,她因學習到James Watson解密的DNA雙螺旋結構,成為她一生追求生物醫學科學研究的主要動力之一。 她於1973年畢業於台灣大學,主修化學。王博士是美國以生物醫學著名的洛克菲勒大學接受攻讀博士班研究所的第一位亞裔女性,1979年獲得生物化學和免疫學博士學位。她於1979年至1985年受聘加入國際知名癌症研究中心 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,任首席研究員和Levine基金所贊助成立的分子免疫學實驗室負責人,並成為該中心史上最年輕的實驗室主任。
科學啟蒙與學術經歷
王博士對科學的嚮往早在稚齡時期便已萌芽,1957年女性物理學家吳健雄博士以實驗「宇宙不守恆定律」揚名國際,當時她雖只是一個年僅五歲的女孩,就一心要以吳健雄博士為典範﹝王長怡博士的六姨媽和吳健雄、田蘊蘭(台大物理系創辦人戴運軌夫人)為中學同學﹞,並告訴母親,將來要成為一名科學家。台北市女中(金華女中)畢業後,以全校名列前茅的成績進入著名的北一女中,此時的王博士已對生命科學產生濃厚的興趣。自知個性不適合行醫,於是選定生命科學的基礎學科,以第一志願進入台大化學系。1973年得到台大化學系書卷獎畢業後,王博士為獲全額獎學金進入當時在生物醫學領域最著名的紐約洛克菲勒大學深造的首位亞洲女性,取得免疫學及生物化學博士學位。在1985年創立美國聯合生物醫學集團之前,王長怡博士以破紀錄28歲之齡擔任紐約史隆凱特琳癌症研究中心(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center)的分子免疫學實驗室主任及計劃主持人(1980至1985),並於康乃爾大學醫學院史隆凱特琳部門(Sloan- Kettering Division)教授免疫學。
個性爽朗果斷的王博士曾表示,她的雙親王成聖教授伉儷是文化人,與吳健雄、袁家騮夫婦也是至交,王長怡到紐約留學後,常往聆教,親炙大師風範,自然心屬科學。而另一個導引她走入生命科學領域的原因是她讀高中生物學時,DNA Double Helix 雙螺旋結構的解密與分子生物學的興起。而當年將DNA結構解密的諾貝爾獎得主華生博士(Dr. James D. Watson),後來在美國紐約長島冷泉港分子生物研究所擔任主持人。華生博士曾在她的UBI董事會中擔任董事一職長達七年之久,目前也是UBI集團聯腦科學公司(United Neuroscience, UNS)的科學顧問,這也是她人生際遇的另一巧合。
生醫領域創業家與創業歷程
1985年是王長怡博士生命中的重要里程碑。王長怡博士在美國自力創立聯合生物醫學公司(United Biomedical Inc. UBI),逐漸發展成為一個事業集團,1998年起擔任集團公司的董事長兼執行總裁。天下雜誌曾寫道:「王博士創業初期,公司只有她和夫婿兩人。短短二十年,王長怡博士從一個小公司的創辦人,成為對生技製藥界有影響力的企業家;且以一介女性,成為生物醫學領域具影響力的發明者,實在令人敬佩。」
王博士是 「免疫學乃是醫學中的秘密武器」觀念的倡導者與先鋒落實者。她將合成化學及免疫學二個領域的專業知識結合來開創系列的重要免疫生物醫療產品。她首先應用優化過的合成肽病毒抗原作為篩選血液中病毒抗體的血液檢測試劑。第一個開發成功的產品乃是HIV -1和HIV-2血液診斷試劑,分別於1989年和1996年獲得美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)的核准。該HIV病毒檢測試劑後來亦被世界衛生組織WHO推薦全球使用。王博士在這一領域的其他貢獻包括利用優化過的合成肽抗原開發 HTLV I / II和HCV的血液診斷試劑,其中,HCV篩檢試劑通過歐盟CE認證,並自1991年起,透過歐洲Organon Teknika / Biomerieux公司銷售於全球市場。此外,王博士還針對SARS冠狀病毒及口蹄疫病毒開發出包括可區別自然感染或受疫苗接種的動物之血液診斷試劑。自1992年以來,她一直受諾貝爾獎得主以及1992至1999年期間擔任UBI董事、及現任聯腦科學(United Neuroscience)公司的James D. Watson博士的鼓勵與支持,採用設計型合成肽(designer synthetic peptide)獨家平台技術進行了多項深具挑戰性的疫苗和免疫治療藥品研究計畫。2005年及2009年,UBI的愛滋病治療性疫苗研究計畫獲得美國國家衛生院近一千七百萬美元的重大獎助及『比爾蓋茲基金會』Grand Challenges Exploration 的研究獎助。
應台灣經濟部和國家發展基金的力邀,王博士代表美國UBI於1998年回台成立聯亞生技公司(簡稱聯亞生技),作為與台灣政府共同發展台灣生技產業的合資企業。王博士的首要任務是將聯亞生技定位並打造成為蛋白質和單株抗體藥物開發領域的卓越中心。鑒於這個使命,她組建並領導一支由科學家和產業專家組成的團隊,以確保整合型平台技術和系列具高影響力蛋白質/單株抗體藥物產品線的建立。
抗愛滋病單株抗體UB-421乃此系列抗體藥物產品線的首位,亦是王博士多年研發的心血結晶,已有系列論文和已核准與待批准的專利發表與保護。UB-421目前正在進行作為愛滋病標準療法HAART(俗稱雞尾酒療法)替代性療法的多國多中心III期臨床試驗,也同時進行包括功能性治癒愛滋病的其他醫療應用的研究。此外還有其他多項單株抗體藥物與蛋白質藥物產品線分處於不同期的臨床前和臨床階段。為了有效商業化這些產品線,聯亞生技將其不同屬性的事業中心切割成立了聯合生物製藥公司(簡稱聯生藥)和聯亞藥業公司(簡稱聯亞藥),以使各公司擁有專屬資源進行單株抗體藥物產品線與長效型蛋白質藥物產品線的開發,並在台灣新竹(已完工)與中國揚州(建設中)建置先進前沿的蛋白質/單株抗體藥物生產藥廠,以為這些創新蛋白藥物的全球商業化做好準備。
歷年來聯亞生技、聯生藥、聯亞藥、和聯腦科學公司多次榮獲國內包括經濟部、衛服部、生策會及國際相關單位頒發的”產業科技發展奨”、”創新奨”、”技術先鋒獎”、“傑出成就獎”等各項殊榮。王博士表示,台灣人民具有高度的創業精神,加上政府的鼓勵政策,使得在台灣從事以知識經濟為主的事業,成本效益很高。台灣雖地小但是卻具有迅速取得全球一手商業信息、研發人才豐沛以及成本效益高等優勢,尤其適合作為國際企業進入大陸等其他市場的「練兵場」。
雖為企業家,王博士對於研發可以解決危害人類生命健康的重大疾病的方案始終熱切積極。2002年中國 廣東首發嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症(SARS),並擴散至東南亞乃至全球。由於SARS嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症疫情對國內經濟活動、社會秩序造成嚴重威脅,王博士即刻帶領研發團隊,透過多年來研發的合成胜肽技術平台,於短短一個月的時間,以合成胜肽(peptide)完成SARS 嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症疫苗設計。此技術乃透過SARS 嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症疫苗來誘發特定細胞免疫力及中和性抗體,預防SARS 嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症病毒感染。王博士及其團隊此舉也為台灣社會注入一股安心的力量。此外,她所帶領的UBI 研發團隊於短期內成功開發之SARS嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症病毒抗體檢測試劑,於2004年為美國國家衛生研究院選為血液測試劑開發的主要產品。
挑戰Chiron公司過度伸張的HCV抗原表位專利權項及其全球HCV專利
王博士所發明以合成肽表位(epitope)作為抗原所開發的HCV血液診斷試劑專利乃是在美國核准的此領域之首項專利,隨後也授權給歐洲羅氏公司。
與國際大廠Organon Teknika / Biomerieux公司合作,在1990年初期UBI的胜肽抗原HCV血液檢測試劑在歐洲市場上獲得銷售成功。然而,由於Chiron公司HCV抗原表位的專利保護範圍過於廣泛並缺乏足夠科學實驗證據支持此類權項,王博士代表UBI公司義不容辭地參與就Chiron公司HCV專利權項的多年專利訴訟。在此專利訴訟中,有六名諾貝爾獎得主受邀任英國法院專家證人和法官顧問,就Chiron 公司HCV表位(epitope)專利範圍的有效性作實質性的論證。王博士提出詳細技術論證挑戰Chiron公司的HCV專利之有效性。在2000年,歐洲專利局的技術委員會宣布所有過度伸張的HCV抗原表位專利權項無效。與此同時,英國專利法第44節也在包括專利律師和法官在內的專家團建議下被廢除。此專利訴訟案已成為重要歷史案例並対公眾申明 “即使已經核准之專利,倘若被舉證缺乏足以支持專利權項的實驗數據,過於伸張的的專利權項仍可能被宣判為無效”。此專利訴訟結果也捍衛了RNA 或DNA序列等科學資訊可自由使用於科學研究與醫藥發明的公共性,這些公共科學資訊不應被團體或企業以過度伸張的專利權項壟斷,侵害公眾利益。
畢生的獨創性研究:高精度設計型胜肽疫苗和免疫治療製劑
過去25年來,王博士一直致力於發現、設計和開發包括用於治療和預防慢性和傳染性疾病的創新免疫治療劑和疫苗,以及用於監測這些疾病治療和控制情況的輔助診斷試劑。王博士所發明以胜肽為基礎的生物製劑將免疫系統導向特定的功能性標靶點,在許多治療領域具有巨大醫療潛力。
在王博士的領導下,具有高精準度的創新胜肽免疫原設計技術平台「UBITh」被系統性建立,用以開發創新型合成肽疫苗和免疫治療藥物。王博士以此技術平台成功開發的醫療產品包括應用於阿茲海默症的amyloid-β 疫苗與 Tau 蛋白疫苗、用於帕金森氏病的Alpha Synuclein蛋白疫苗、應用於治療多種過敏性疾病的IgE疫苗,以及應用於多種動物保健的疫苗產品,如可去除公豬異味的公豬免疫去勢疫苗(LHRH疫苗)、對抗豬圓環病毒(circovirus)的豬環狀病毒疫苗、預防由PRRS病毒引起之豬繁殖與呼吸綜合症的疫苗,以及預防由口蹄疫病毒引起之豬口蹄疫的疫苗。UBITh 設計型疫苗技術的效果已經由自2007年起即在全球最大的豬隻市場中國大陸銷售超過 40億劑的豬口蹄合成肽疫疫苗的事實獲得充分驗證。
家庭
王博士於美國立業過程中認識了夫婿胡毅安先生。胡毅安先生雖學物理卻是一位才華洋溢的文化人,其溫文儒雅的君子風度讓許多第一次見到他的人都打從心裡欣賞他的智慧與談吐。而王博士與胡先生的獨生女兒胡世一小姐,更是承接父母的惇惇教誨,於美國哈佛大學法學院取得法學博士的榮譽。曾在全球知名的麥肯錫顧問公司受過商業管理的洗禮。現在與其具財經專長的夫婿 Louis G. Reese IV 共同協助UBI集團及聯腦科學公司的事業發展。
成長背景
王博士雙親王成聖教授伉儷皆為知名文化人。王成聖教授於民國56年, 3月創辦中外雜誌並曾任中华民国第一屆国民大会代表,歷經四十年對中国近代史人物傳記的文史記載,極具權威,終其一生對台灣文化事業有崇高貢獻。而父母親對文化事業的理念也造就了王博士在人文方面的素養及對於科學的堅持。王博士於2005年遠見雜誌專訪時曾分享自己的人生觀,她說道:「人就是要做具創造力和影響力的事」。因著這樣的堅持,王博士帶領團隊長期以實際行動及成果實踐她的價值觀。
雙親啟蒙與追思
王長怡博士曾親自撰文追念父母親。她在念父文中寫道:「父親愛書。父親一生熱愛知識的情操對我們子女的發展也有相當的影響。父親對我自小就勉以大志。他常對我說:『長怡我從來沒把妳當女兒看。我一共有四個兒子』。我結婚後,他很高興在外子胡毅安面前說現在我有了五個兒子。」「父親在台數十年,全心致力文教事業,希望以一介書生的棉薄之力,對社會做直接的貢獻,並以『教學相長,以文為友』為所有心思的寄託。我猶記得父親創辦中外雜誌時的苦心及理想。中外創刊詞中的每字、每句都是父親心愿的表徵。」「知子莫若父,父親知道我們在求學創業的過程要不斷克服許多的困難,所以他永遠把自己的需求擺在最後不成為我們的負擔。雖然我們姊弟都潛心理工科技的研究,但父親一直相當關切我們『人文素養』的培養,以做為一個健全的科技人。當我們在各自的領域有所建樹時,父親即不斷鼓勵我們回台灣以實際所學貢獻國家。」「父親喜歡寫詩。他喜歡將他對人事物觀察後的豐富思想濃縮成幾字幾句表達出來。父親在看過我在美國的生活及事業狀況後,親手書寫十二句四十八個字的勉語,要我不斷咀嚼它們的真意,以做為研發、治理、待人、處事的準則。這些勉語是『互敬、互愛、互諒、互助、一笑一少、一怒一老、知足常樂、能忍自安、謙抑應世、寬恕待人、忍耐自制、協和容眾、擇善固執、研究發展』。在創業過程中,我一直有崇高的願景,但父親永遠不忘記在我的耳邊說『做事要一步一腳印』。」
古有云:「母子連心」,王長怡博士在念母文中更是真情流露,一字一淚,她寫道:「母親祖籍江蘇漣水。生於民國13年(一九二四)。外祖父母作育子女十一人,母親排行第十。母親在富裕大家庭成長的所見所聞,以及正直不阿的個性,培養了她特殊的高貴氣質。母親在念完師範學校後到揚州教書。她年紀雖輕,卻被分配到教育『社會青年』的崗位,母親敬業容眾並有創意的個性,在這一段教書生涯中展現了出來。」 「母親大家閨秀的風範,寬忍為和化解紛爭的個性,協助父親成就一個有生氣的家庭,作育了四個子女。母親對我們的教育極其用心。她自小灌輸我們誠信的重要,凡事以『榮譽』制度為管理原則。原則設定,照章行事,我們紛爭的時候不多。母親又是我們的啟蒙老師。舉凡教方塊字、勞作剪貼、針織設計,以及培養我們對音樂及藝術的欣賞,鋼琴及書法的練習等,都有母親心血的灌注。」
「母親重視經濟原則,凡事注重效率,是一個天生的『計劃管理人』。母親在處理公務教育子女外,鍛鍊出勤儉治家的十八般武藝,並協助父親創辦中外雜誌,身兼數職任勞任怨卻能完善兼顧。」「母親在替父親順利辦完告別式後,因 免疫力減弱而感染肺炎,在12月1日蒙主寵召。她和父親離世的日子隔不到六十六天。他們一生相伴,互相扶持,互敬互愛,留給我們許多好的榜樣與回憶。我們有緣在一起生活時,這個家充滿了愛與衝勁。我每閉目靜思父親曾有感的對我說『長怡,你應體認到在年過半百仍有慈母健在彼此噓寒問暖的福氣』的話語時,便不自覺淚水奪框。」如此至情至性的文字,使我們看到這位科學家的內心深處,仍是傳統的孝思與美德。
影響王長怡博士科學研究的恩師
Robert B. Merrifield
1974年王長怡博士進入美國洛克菲勒大學攻讀博士班時,第一年首先進入Dr. Merrifield實驗室,在此學習固相胜肽合成化學(solid-phase peptide chemistry). Dr. Merrifield 因其在固相胜肽合成領域的開創性研究工作而於1984年獲得諾貝爾化學獎。王博士自80年代中期起利用此胜肽合成化學知識與技術作為工具從事在診斷試劑、疫苗與免疫治療製劑的發明與開發。
Henry G. Kunkel
Kunkel博士,常被稱為「免疫病理學之父」,是王博士1975年至1979年在洛克菲勒大學攻讀博士班的博士論文指導老師。他訓練王博士成為出色研究員,教導她如何運用一些簡單的技術於研究重要的課題,也啟發王博士以充滿好奇的心智總可在一個無法被理解或被忽視的角落找到有趣的發現。
Gerald M. Edelman
Dr. Edelman,為一位美國生物學家,在Dr. Kunkel實驗室接受博士訓練,在1972年與 Dr. Rodney R. Porter因在免疫系統的研究成果共同獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎,紀念他解開了抗體分子的結構。Dr. Edelman與其實驗室同仁在洛克菲勒大學教授免疫學和生物化學課程,王博士因為其教導與帶領進入了當時最令人興奮但仍然處於萌芽時期的免疫學領域。
Ralph M. Steinman
加拿大免疫兼細胞生物學家Dr. Steinman是2011年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎得主之一,獲獎原因是因他發現了樹突狀細胞(dendritic cell)及其在後天免疫性(adaptive immunity)中的角色與功能。 他是王博士在洛克菲勒大學就讀時第一位將王博士帶入細胞免疫學領域的恩師,當時他正在研究在電子顯微鏡中發現的一種新型細胞(後來命名為樹突狀細胞),一種對於啟動免疫反應極為重要的免疫細胞。
Robert A. Good
Dr. Good,被稱為現代免疫學創始人,他是首位成功在遺傳異體病人進行人類骨髓移植手術的美國醫生。王博士取得博士學位後立受Dr. Good聘任到當時全球最大癌症研究中心Sloan Kettering Institute of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC)擔任獨立首席研究員暨分子免疫學實驗室主任。王博士在80年代初期的主要研究工作是利用特異性單克隆抗體來鑑別數種重要的淋巴細胞表面標記蛋白(Leu1,Leu3,Leu4,Leu10,Leu13,Leu14和idiotypic白血病T細胞標記物,或定位為T細胞受體)。
Lloyd J. Old
Dr. Old博士是腫瘤免疫學領域的創始人之一。王博士進入腫瘤免疫學和細胞因子(cytokine)領域起源於1980初期在Sloan Kettering Institute工作時與Dr. Old博士合作於分離並鑑定出由Dr. Old在70年代於小鼠血清中發現的腫瘤壞死因子 (tumor necrosis factor,TNF) 為一個分子量17 KD的細胞因子。TNF1983年由Cetus分離鑑定出出氨基酸序列。此後王博士實驗室80年代中期由美國國家癌症研究中心(NCI)贊助開發出多種対於包括TNF-alpha 在內的細胞因子以及其他具腫瘤專一性(tumor-specific antigens)且耐熱處理的醣脂類抗原有特異性的單株抗體。
為學子授業解惑
一直來,王長怡博士對二十一世紀創造「生物科技的經濟奇蹟」滿懷壯志,以她不斷積累的知識,全心投入生醫領域,以紮實的研發,成為此一領域享譽國際的領導者。由於國內外聲譽卓著,王長怡博士經常受國際學術機構及著名大學的邀請前往講學。在台灣,她曾受聘為國立清華大學生命科學研究院的兼任教授,講授「免疫學及其於生物醫學之應用」。王博士與公司團隊研議後,更帶領研發團隊制訂教學方針,以深入淺出的教學方式使學生能夠學以致用,達到教育的目的。王博士對於免疫學之發展歷史與重要突破里程碑如數家珍,留美期間她受過多位諾貝爾專家的指導,以其過去做學問、做研究與創事業的寶貴經驗,為莘莘學子授業解惑。她提出『學識、常識、見識、膽識與賞識』的科學人文演化歷程,以她自身在科學界奮鬥力學的精神,勉勵學子們在從事科學的研習時,要充滿著好奇心與想像力、發揮幽默感與組織能力、多向面,不畏懼做研究的失敗考驗,培養科學家的風範與領導人的氣度,以任重道遠的精神邁向目標。
學術論文發表與專利選列
1. Wang CY, Wong WW, Tsai HC, Chen YH, Kuo BS, Lynn S, Blazkova J, Clarridge KE, Su HW, Lin CY, Tseng FC, Lai A, Yang FH, Lin CH, Tseng W, Lin HY, Finstad CL, Wong-Staal F, Hanson CV, Chun TW, Liao MJ. Effect of anti-CD4 Antibody UB-421 on HIV-1 rebound after treatment interruption. New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (16): 1535-1545 (2019).
2. Wang C-Y, Wong W-W, Tsai H-C, Chen Y-H, Kuo B-S, et al., Effect of anti-CD4 antibody UB-421 on HIV-1 rebound after treatment interruption. Supplement to New England Journal of Medicine. 380: 1535-45 (2019) at DOI: 10.1056/NEJMMoa1802246
3. Verma A, Yu HJ, Chen HC, Wang CY. Active Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapy with UB-311 Vaccine: Update on design and baseline data of a Phase IIa, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer Disease. 5:OC4, S10(2019)
4. Wang CY. “Peptide immunogens targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and formulations thereof for prevention and treatment of migraine” US Provisional Application No. 62/787,102 (2018).
5. Wang CY. “Peptide immunogens targeting interleukin 6 (IL-6) and formulations thereof for immunotherapy of diseases impacted by IL-6 dysregulation” US Provisional Application No. 62/786,192 (2018).
6. Wang CY. “Artificial promiscuous T helper cell epitopes as immune stimulators for synthetic peptide immunogens” US Provisional Application No. 62/782,253 (2018).
7. Wang CY. “Peptide immunogen constructs directed against dipeptide repeat proteins from C9ORF72” US Provisional Application No. 62/739,794 (2018).
8. Wang CY. “Peptide immunogens of IL-31 and formulations thereof for the treatment and/or prevention of atopic dermatitis” TW Patent Application 107144910 (2018) and WO Application No. PCT/US2018/065025 (2018).
9. Wang CY. “Artificial Promiscuous T helper cell epitopes that facilitate targeted antibody production with limited T cell inflammatory response” US Provisional Application No. 62/667,123 (2018).
10. Wang CY. “Tau peptide immunogen constructs” TW Patent Application 107138171 (2018) and WO Application No. PCT/US2018/057840 (2018).
11. Wang CY. “Peptide immunogens from the C-Terminal end of alpha-synuclein protein and formulations thereof for treatment of synucleinopathies” TW Patent Application 107120762 (2018) and WO Application No. PCT/US2018/037938 (2018).
12. Wang CY. et al., “Peptide immunogens and formulations thereof targeting membrane-bound IgE for treatment of IgE mediated allergic diseases” TW Patent Application 107147187 (2018) and WO Application No. PCT/US17/069174 (2017).
13. Wang CY, Wang, PN, Chiu MJ, Finstad CL, Lin F, Lynn S, Tai YH, Fang XD, Zhao K, Hung CH, Tseng Y, Peng WJ, Wang J, Yu CC, Kuo BS, Frohna PA. UB-311, a novel UBITh® amyloid-β peptide vaccine for mild Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 3:262-272 (2017).
14. Wang CY, Wang, PN, Chiu MJ, Finstad CL, Lin F, Lynn S, Tai YH, Fang XD, Zhao K, Hung CH, Tseng Y, Peng WJ, Wang J, Yu CC, Kuo BS, Frohna PA. UB-311, a novel UBITh® amyloid-β peptide vaccine for mild Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. Supplementary data related to this article can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2017.03.005.
15. Chen HC, Wang PN, Chiu MJ, Huang CC, Chang CC, Yen TC, Lin KJ, Seibyl J, Hesterman J, Wang CY, Verma A. (2017, November). Low PET screen failure rate in the UB-311 phase 2A study enriched for ApoE4 carriers with mild cognitive deficit. Poster session presented (November 2017) at Clinical Trials of Alzheimer’s Disease, Boston, MA.
16. Verma A, Maruff P, Schembri A, Wang PN, Chiu MJ, Huang CC, Chang CC, Chen HC, Chang P, Wang CY. UB-311 active vaccine generates titers specific for Aβ oligomers and fibrils without evidence of ARIA-E or encephalopathy in a completed Phase 1 and an ongoing Phase 2a study in Alzheimer’s disease. Poster session presented (November 2017) at Clinical Trials of Alzheimer’s Disease, Boston, MA.
17. Wang CY, Wong WW, Tsai HC, Chen YH, Liao MJ, Lynn S. Poster Abstract 450LB: A Phase 2 Open-Label Trial of Antibody UB-421 Monotherapy as a Substitute for HAART. Presented at the Annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), February 13-16, 2017, Seattle, WA.
18. Wang CY. “Peptide Immunogens from the C-Terminal End of Alpha Synuclein Protein and Formulations Thereof for treatment of Synucleinopathies.” US Provision Patent Application No. 62/521,287 (2017).
19. Wang CY. “Tau peptide immunogen constructs. US Patent Application” US Provisional Application 62/578,124 (2017).
20. Wang CY. “Treatment and Sustained Virologic Remission of HIV Infection by Antibodies to CD4 in HAART Stabilized Patients” TW Patent Application 106127443 (2017) and WO Application No. PCT/US2017/046668. (2017).
21. Wang CY. “Treatment and functional cure of HIV infection by monoclonal antibodies to CD4 mediating competitive HIV entry inhibition” US Patent Application 15/512,043 (2017).
22. Wang CY and Peng WJ. “Immunogenic LHRH composition and use thereof in pigs” US Patent Application 15/329,154 (2017).
23. Wang CY. et al. “Immunoglobulin fusion proteins and use thereof” US Patent Application 15/002,396 (2016), TW Patent Application 105117815 (2016) and WO Patent Application PCT/US16/039615 (2016).
24. Wang CY. “Peptide vaccine for prevention and immunotherapy of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type” US Patent 9,102,752 (2015), US Patent Application 14/824,075 (2015), and WO Patent Application PCT/US13/37865 (2013).
25. Wang CY. “Synthetic peptide-based emergency vaccine against foot and mouth disease (FMD)” US Patent Application 14/443,363 (2015), and WO Patent Application PCT/US2012/065386 (2012).
26. Wang CY. “Synthetic Peptide-Based Marker Vaccine and Diagnostic System for Effective Control of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)” US Patent Application 14/380,010 (2014), and WO Patent Application PCT/US/2011/068133 (2011).
27. Wang CY and Peng WJ. “Designer Peptide-based PCV2 Vaccine” WO Patent Application PCT/US/2010/041406 (2010).
28. Wang CY, Finstad CL, Walfield AM, Sia C, Sokoll KK, Chang TY, Fang XD, Hung CH, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M. Site Specific UBITh Amyloid-β Vaccine for Immunotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. Vaccine 2007; 25:3041-3052.
29. Wang CY, Walfield AM. Site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications. [Review Article] Vaccine 2005; 23:2049-2056.
30. Hsueh PR, Kao CL, Lee CN, Chen LK, Ho MS, Sia C, Fang XD, Lynn S, et al. and Wang, CY. Highly Specific Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Antibody Test for Serosurveillance. Emerg. Infect. Diseases 2004; 10:1558-1562.
31. Wang CY, Lynn S., Jong MH, Lin YL., et al. Appendix 58, Full protection in pigs against FMDV challenge following single dose of synthetic emergency vaccine. In Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, pp. 365–375, 2004.
32. Finstad CL, Wang CY, Kowalski J, Zhang M, Li ML, Li XM, Xi WG, Bosland MC, Murthy KK, Walfield AM, Zamb TJ. Synthetic Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) vaccine for effective androgen deprivation and its application to Prostate Cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine 2004; 22:1300 1313.
33. Wang CY, Walfield AM, Fang X, Hammerberg B, Ye J, Li ML, Shen F, Shen M, Alexander V and MacGlashan DW. Synthetic IgE peptide vaccine for immunotherapy for Allergy. Vaccine 2003; 21:1580-1590.
34. Wang, CY, Shen M, Tam G, Fang XD, Ye J, Shen F, Walfield AM, Wang JJG, et al. Synthetic AIDS vaccine by targeting HIV receptor. Vaccine 2002; 21:89-97.
35. Wang, CY, Chang TY, Walfield AM, Ye J, Shen M, Chen SP, Li MC, Lin YL, et al. Effective Synthetic peptide vaccine for Foot and Mouth Disease in swine. Vaccine. 2002; 20:2603-2610.
36. Wang, CY, Chang TY, Walfield AM, Ye J, Shen M, Zhang ML, Lubroth J, et al. Synthetic Peptide-based Vaccine and Diagnostic System for Effective Control of Foot and Mouth Disease. Biologicals 2001; 29: 221-228.
37. Wang, CY, Sawyer LSW, Murthy KK, Fang XD, Walfield AM, et al. Postexposure immunoprophylaxis of HIV primary isolates by an antibody to HIV receptor complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:10367-10372.
38. Shen F, Chen PD, Walfield AM, Ye J, House J, Brown F, Wang CY. Differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against Foot and mouth disease by a peptide ELISA. Vaccine 1999; 17:3039-3049.
39. Singh M, Li XM, Wang H, McGee JP, Zamb T, Koff W, Wang CY, et al. Controlled release microparticles as a single dose diphtheria toxoid vaccine; immunogenicity in small animal models. Vaccine 1998; 16:346-352.
40. Singh M. Hio C, Qiu H, Li XM, Wang CY, et al. CTL induction using synthetic peptides delivered in emulsions – Critical role of the formulation procedure. Vaccine 1997; 15:1773-1778.
41. Li D, Forrest BD, Li Z, Xue P, Hanson CV, Duan S, Cheng H, Li M, Wang CY, et al. International clinical trials of HIV vaccines: II. Phase I trial of an HIV-1 synthetic peptide vaccine evaluating an accelerated immunization schedule in Yunnan, China. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1997; 15: 105-113.
42. Phanuphak P. Teeratakulpixarn S, Sarangbin S, Nookhai S, Ubolyam S, Sirivichayakul S, Leesavan A, Forrest BD, Hanson CV, Li ML, Wang, CY, et al. International clinical trials of HIV vaccines: I. Phase I trial of an HIV-1 synthetic peptide vaccine in Bangkok, Thailand. Asian Pac J Allerg Immunol 1997; 15:41-48.
43. Singh M, McGee JP, Li XM, Koff W, Zamb T, Wang CY and O’Hagan DT. Biodegradable microparticles with an entrapped branched octameric peptide as a controlled-release HIV-1 vaccine. J Pharmaceut Sci 1997; 86:1229.
44. Singh M, Li XM, McGee JP, Zamb T, Koff W, Wang CY, O’Hagan DT. Controlled release microparticles as a single dose hepatitis B vaccine; evaluation of immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 1997; 15:475.
45. Singh M, Li XM, Wang HY, McGee JP, Zamb T, Koff W, Wang CY and O’Hagan DT. Immunogenicity and protection in small-animal models with controlled-release tetanus toxois microparticles as a single-dose vaccine. Infect and Immunity 1997; 65:1716.
46. Nixon DF, Hioe C, Chen PD, Bian Z, Kuebler P, Li ML, Qiu H, Li XM, Singh M, Richardson J, McGee P, Zamb T, Koff W, Wang CY and O’Hagan D. Synthetic peptides entrapped in microparticles can elicit cytotoxic T cell activity. Vaccine 1996; 14:1523.
47. Hioe CE, Qiu H, Chen PD, Bian Z, Li ML, Li J, Singh M, Kuebler P, McGee O’Hagan D, Zamb T, Koff W, Allsopp C, Wang CY, et al. Comparison of P, adjuvant formulations for cytotoxic T cell induction using synthetic peptides. Vaccine 1996; 14:412-418.
48. Quiroga JA, van Binsbergen J, Wang CY, Pardo M, Navas S, Trines C, Herrero M and Carreno V. Immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis C virus core antigen: Correlations with viral replication, histological activity, and liver disease outcome. J Hepatol 1995; 11:1635.
49. Prince AM, Brotman B, Inchauspe G, Pascual D. Nasoff M. Hosein B and Wang CY. Patterns and prevalence of hepatitis type C infection in post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Inf Dis 1993; 167: 1296-1301.
50. Sheu JC, Wang JT, Wang TH, Wang CY, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C viral infection in a community in Taiwan. Detection by synthetic peptide-based assay and polymerase chain reaction. J Hepatol 1993; 17:192.
51. Wang, CY, Looney, P.J., Li, M.L., Walfield, A.M., Ye, J., Hosein, B., Tam, J.P., and Wong-Staal, F. Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen. Science 1991; 254:285-288.
52. Hosein B, Fang X and Wang CY. Anti-HCV, anti-GOR, and autoimmunity. Lancet 1992; 339:871.
53. Hosein B, Fang CT, Popvsky MA, Ye J, Zhang M and Wang, CY. Improved serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection with synthetic peptide antigen from capsid protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88:3647.
54. Hosein B, Present W, Wang CY, and Fang CT. synthetic peptide-based EIAs to distinguish HTLV-I from HTLV-II infection. Transfusion 1990; 30S: 513.
55. Kao HT, Gregerson PK, Tang JC, Takahashi T, Wang CY and Silver J, Molecular analysis of HLA class genes in two DR6w-related haplotypes, DRw13 DQw1 and DRw14 DQw3. J Immunol 1989; 142: 1743.
56. Sung SSJ, Bjorndahl JM, Wang CY, Kao HT and Fu SM. Production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin by human T cell lines and peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated by PMA and Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 937.
57. Sung SSJ, Jung LKL, Walters JA, Chen W, Wang CY, and Fu SM, Production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin by human B cell lines and tonsillar B cells. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 1539.
58. Wang CY. Synthetic-peptide-based immunodiagnosis of retrovirus infection: current status and future prospects. In “Synthetic Peptides in Biotechnology”. Edited by A. Mizrahi, Adv. In Biotechnological Processes. 1988; 10:131.
59. Shimazaki C, Wisniewolski D, Scheinberg D, Atzpodien J, Strife A, Gulati S, Fried J,Wisniewolski R, Wang CY and Clarkson B. Elimination of myeloma cells from bone marrow by using monoclonal antibodies and magnetic immunobeads. Blood 1988; 72:1248-1254.
60. Gottlieb AB, Lifshitz B, Fu SM, Staiano-Coico L, Wang CY and Carter DM. Expression of HLA-DR molecules by Keratinocytes and presence of Langerhans cells in the dermal infiltrate of active psoriatic plaques. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 1013.
61. Gregersen PK, Shen M, Song Q, Wang CY, et al. Molecular diversity of HLA-DR4 haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 2642-2646.
62. Rinnooy-Kan EA, Wright SD, Welte K and Wang CY. Fc receptors on monocytes cause OKT-3 treated lymphocytes to internalize T3 and secrete IL-2. Cell Immunol 1986; 98:181
63. Buskin Y, Posnett DN, Pernis B and Wang CY. A new HLA-linked T cell membrane molecule, related to the beta chain of the clonotypic receptor, is associated with T3. J Exp Med 1986; 164:458.
64. Posnett D, Wang CY and Friedman SM. Inherited polymorphism of the human T cell antigen receptor detected by a monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl. Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:7888.
65. Tse DB, Al-Haiden M, Pernis B, Cantor CR and Wang CY. Intracellular accumulation of T cell receptor complex molecules in a human T leukemia cell line. Science 1986; 234:748.
66. Wang JG, Steel S, Wisniewolski R and Wang CY. Detection of antibodies to HTLV-III using a synthetic peptide of 21 amino acid residues corresponding to a highly antigenic segment of gp41 envelope protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:6159.
67. Wang CY, Bushkin Y, Lane CL, McGrath H and Posnett DN. Stimulation and expansion of a human T cell subpopulation by a monoclonal antibody to T cell receptor molecule. Hybridoma 1986; 5:179.
68. Schwarting R, Stein H and Wang CY. monoclonal antibody S-HCL1 and S-HCL3 [also known as Leu 13 and Leu 14] allow the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1985; 65:974.
69. Bushkin Y, Chorney MJ, Diamante E, Lane CL, Fu SM and Wang, CY. Biochemical characteriazation of a p43, 12 complex: comparison to human and murine class I molecules. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:695.
70. Schwarting R, Welte K, Chiorazzi N, Ralph P, Lane CL, Long CW, and Wang, CY. Biochemical characterization and purification of human B cell stimulatory factory (BSF). Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:632.
71. Wang, CY, Bushkin Y, Chen BPD, Platsoucas C and Long CW. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes of Human IFN-y. Hybridoma 1984; 4:321.
72. Bushkin Y, Chorney MJ, Diamante E, Fu SM and Wang, CY. Biochemical characterization of the human T6 antigen; a comparison between T6 and murine TL. Mol. Immunol 1984; 21:821.
73. Posnett DN, Biegler RD, Bushkin Y, Fisher DE, Wang CY, Mayer LF, Chiorazzi N and Kunkel HG. T cell anti-idiotypic antibodies reveal differences between two human leukemias. J Exp Med 1984; 160:499.
74. Posnett DN, Wang CY, Chiorazzi N, Crow MK and Kunkel HG. An antigen characteristic of hairy cell leukemia cells is expressed on certain activated B cells. J immunol 1984; 133:1635.
75. Peng RL, Al-Katib A, Knowles DM, Lu L, Broxmeyer H, Telidjian B, C Hiao JW and Wang CY. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing two distinct differentiation antigens Pro-Im1, Pro-Im2 on early hematopoeitic cells. Blood 1984; 64:1169.
76. Rinnooy Kan EA, Platzer E, Welte K, and Wang CY. Modulation induction of The T3 antigen by OKT3 is monocyte dependent. J Immunol 1984; 133:2979.
77. Wang CY, Azzo W, Al-Katib A, Chiorazzi N and Knowles DM. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing three distinct differentiation antigens (BL1, BL2, and BL3) on human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 1984; 1133:684.
78. Wang CY, Al-Katib A, Lane CL, Koziner B and Fu, SM. Induction of Leu 10 (HLA-DC/DS) antigen expression by human precursor B cell lines. J Exp Med 1983; 158:1757.
79. Rinnooy Kan EA, Wang CY, Wang LC and Evans RL. Non-covalently bonded subunits of 22KD and 28KD are rapidly internalized by T cells reacted with anti-Leu4 [now termed CD3] antibody. J Immunol 1983; 131:536.
80. Biegler RD, Fisher DE, Wang CY, Rinnooy Kan EA and Kunkel HG. Idiotype-like molecules on cells of a human T-cell leukemia. J Exp Med 1983; 158:1000.
81. Welte K, Platzer EW, Wang CY, Rinnooy Kan EA, Moore MAS and Mertelsmann R. OKT8 [now termed CD8] antibody inhibits OKT3 [now termed CD3]-induced IL-2 production and proliferation of CD8+ cells. Immunol 1983; 131:2356.
82. Knowles DM, Tolidgian B, Maiboe CC, Halper J, Azzo W and Wang CY. A new human B lymphocyte surface antigen (BL2) detected by a monoclonal antibodies: Distribution of benign and malignant lymphoid cells. Blood 1983; 62:191.
83. Venuta S, Mertelsmann R, Welte K, Feldman S, Wang CY and Moore MAS. Production and regulation of Interleukin-2 in human lymphoblastic leukemias studied with T cell monoclonal antibodies. Blood 1983; 61:781.
84. Miki Y, Kishi H, Muragachi A, Maruyama S, Kishimoto S, Yamamura Y, Wang CY and Kishimoto T. Induction of IgG production in a human monoclonal B lymphoblastoid cell line by a B cell-specific monoclonal antibody (BL2). Immunol 1982; 1290: 1921.
85. Welte K, Wang CY, Mertelsmann R, Venuta S, Feldman S and Moore MAS. Purification of human Interleukin-2 to apparent homogeneity and its molecular heterogeneity. J Exp Med 1982; 156:454.
86. Shin HS, Wang CY and Choi YS. Activation of autologous reactive helper T lymphocytes for differentiation of human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 1981; 126:2483.
87. Wang CY, Good RA, Ammirati P, Dymbort G and Evans RL. Identification of a p69/71 complex [now termed Leu 1 or CD5] expressed on human T cells sharing determinants with B type chronic lymphatic leukemia. J Exp Med 1980; 151: 1539.
88. Halper J, Knowles DM and Wang CY. Ia antigen [now termed HLA-DR or class II MHC antigen] expression by human malignant lymphomas: correlation with conventional lymphoid markers. Blood 1980; 55:373.
89. Gottlieb AB, Fu SM, Yu DTY, Wang CY, Halper JP and Kunkel HG. The nature of the stimulation cell in human allogeneic and autologous MLC reaction: Role of isolated IgM-bearing B cells. J Immunol 1979; 123: 1497.
90. Wang, CY, Structural and functional characterization of surface antigens on human B lymphocytes. Ph.D. Thesis, The Rockefeller University, 1979.
91. Wang CY, Fu SM and Kunkel HG. Isolation and immunological characterization of a major surface glycoprotein gp54 [now known as IL6 receptor] preferentially expressed on certain human B cells. J Exp Med 1979; 149:1434.
92. Fu SM, Chiorazzi N, Wang CY, Montazeri CM and Kunkel HG. Ia bearing T cells in man. Their identification and role in the generation of allogeneic helper activity. J Exp Med 1978; 148:1423.
93. Winchester RJ, Wang CY, Gibofsky A, Kunkel HG, Lloyd K and Old, LJ. Expression of Ia-like antigens [now termed HLA-DR or class II MHC antigen] on cultured human malignant melanoma cell lines. Proc Natl. Acad Sci. 1978; 75:6235.
94. Winchester RJ, Meyers PA, Broxmeyer HE, Wang CY, Moore MAS and Kunkel HG. Inhibition of human erythropoietic colony formation in culture by treatment with Ia antisera. J Exp Med 1978; 148:613.
95. Halper JP, Fu SM, Wang CY, Winchester RJ and Kunkel HG. Patterns of expression of human Ia-like antigens [now termed HLA-DR or class II MHC antigen] during the terminal stages of B cell development. J Immunol 1978; 119:1520.
96. Hoffman T, Wang CY, Winchester RJ, Ferarrini M and Kunkel HG. Human lymphocyte bearing Ia-like antigens [now termed HLA-DR or class II MHC antigen]: Absence in patients with infantile Hypogammaglobulinemia. J Immunol 1977; 119:1250.
97. Winchester RJ, Ross, GD, Jarowski CI, Wang CY, Halper J and Broxmeyer HE. Expression of a Ia-like antigen on human granulocytes during early stages of differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:4012-4016.
Public speaking
• Yangzhou, Biological Medicine Forum of Yangzhou, China 2018 : 揚州古名城: 21世紀新藥生產重鎮,美台UBI集團領銜起跑. April 25, 2018
• Taipei, 2nd Annual Biological World Taiwan : Positioning Taiwan’s Biologics Industry on a Global Map. February 26, 2014
• Hsinchu, Taiwan National Tsing Hua University Lecture Series: “From Double Helix to Efficacious Vaccines Through Rational Design” April 10, 2010
• Taipei, Taiwan Forum on Vaccine Industry Development in Taiwan, Taiwan Biotech Association: “A Reflection and New Determination: Site Directed Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics” [Plenary Lecture] July 24, 2008
• Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Office of International des Epizooties (OIE) World Organization for Animal Health: Use Of Standards and References for Serological And Molecular Tests for Transboundary Diseases In Livestock. November 21–24, 2006
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5th World Congress on Vaccines, Immunization & Immunotherapy [Plenary Lecture] November 6–9, 2006
• Dubai, UAE 7th Global Vaccinology Forum on Disease Immunization and Immunotherapy: Site-Specific Peptide Vaccines for Immunotherapy and Immunization and for Veterinary Applications [Plenary Lecture] March 5–7, 2005
• Tokyo, Japan 4th World Congress on Vaccines & Immunization: Site-Specific Peptide Vaccines for Immunotherapy and Immunization Against Chronic Diseases, Cancer, Infectious Disease, and for Veterinary Applications [Plenary Lecture], September 30-October 3, 2004
• Washington, D.C., US-Taiwan Business Council, The Brookings Institution, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies Symposium on The Taiwan Presidential Elections: “Political, Economic, & Security Implications”: Reasons to Choose Taiwan May 6, 2004
• Singapore. Biomedical Asia, Partnering Seminar: UBI as a Rising Star of the Biopharmaceutical Industry November 4, 2003
• San Diego, California Days of Molecular Medicine Symposium: Immunotherapy of Infectious, Chronic Diseases and Cancer by Site-Specific Peptide Vaccines. March 13–15, 2003
• Cambridge, Massachusetts Knowledge Foundation’s International Conference on HIV Vaccines: Synthetic AIDS Vaccine by Targeting HIV Receptor June 22–23, 2003
• Tainan, Taiwan International Symposium on Agricultural Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University: Site Specific Synthetic Peptide Antigens and Functional Antigenics: Applications to Animal Health. December 13–14, 2002
• Lyon, France Foundation Merieux of International Association of Biologicals Standardization: Immunological Application of Synthetic Peptides. May 9–11, 2001
• Amsterdam, Netherlands IAVI Neutralization Task Force: Immunoprophylaxis, Immunotherapy, and a Synthetic AIDS Vaccine Targeting HIV Receptors. April 25, 2001
• London, England HIV Therapeutics:Searching for the Next Generation: Immunoprophylaxis, Immunotherapy, and a Synthetic AIDS Vaccine Targeting HIV Receptors February. 28-March 1, 2001
• Baltimore, Maryland Maryland Meeting of the Institute of Human Virology: Postexposure Immunoprophylaxis of Primary Isolate by an Antibody to HIV Receptor Complex. September 15, 2000